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French porcelain has a history spanning a period from the 17th century to the present. ==Soft-paste blue-and-white porcelain== (詳細はChinese porcelain had long been imported from China, and was a very expensive and desired luxury. Chinese porcelains were treasured, collected from the time of Francis I, and sometimes adorned with elaborate mountings of precious metal to protect them and enhance their beauty. Huge amounts especially of silver were sent from Europe to China〔Credit being unavailable or unmanageable in the East, "in the end, the Europeans had to have recourse to precious metals, particularly American silver, which was the 'open sesame' of these trades", observes Fernand Braudel, ''The Perspective of the World'' (''Civization & Capitalism'', vol. III) :217; cf. section 'Gold and silver: strength or weakness?' p. 490f.〕 to pay for the desired Chinese porcelain wares, and numerous attempts were made to duplicate the material.〔(''Chinese glazes: their origins, chemistry, and recreation'' Nigel Wood p.240 )〕 It was at the Nevers manufactory that Chinese-style blue and white wares were produced for the first time in France, with production running between 1650 and 1680.〔(''The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art'' Gerald W. R. Ward p.38 )〕 Chinese styles would then be taken up by factories in Normandy, especially following the foundation of the French East India Company in 1664.〔 The first soft-paste porcelain in France was developed in an effort to imitate high-valued Chinese hard-paste porcelain,〔 and follow the attempts of Medici porcelain in the 16th century.〔(''Hydrocolloid applications: gum technology in the food and other industries'' A. Nussinovitch p.193 )〕 The first soft-paste frit porcelain, was produced at the Rouen manufactory in 1673, in order to mimic ''"la véritable porcelaine de Chine"'' ("The true porcelain of China"),〔(''Artificial Soft Paste Porcelain - France, Italy, Spain and England'' Edwin Atlee Barber p.5-6 )〕〔(''Porcelain'' Edward Dillon p.239 )〕 and became known as "Porcelaine française".〔 The technique of producing the new material was discovered by the Rouen potter Louis Poterat;〔 his licence to make "faience and porcelain" was taken out in 1673, signed by the king and Jean-Baptiste Colbert〔M. L. Solon, "The Rouen Porcelain", ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs,'' 7 No. 26 (May 1905:116-124) p. 118.〕 The soft porcelain used blue designs of the type already used in the faiences of the period.〔 Dr. Martin Lister reported from his voyage to Paris, printed in 1698, that a manufacture of porcelain "as white and translucid as the one that came from the East" was in full operation at Saint-Cloud.〔Lister, ''Relation of a Journey to Paris'', London, 1698, noted in Solon 1905:116.〕 The French lexicographer Jacques Savary des Brûlons wrote in 1722 about these first experiments in his ''Dictionnaire universel du commerce'': ''"Fifteen or twenty years ago an attempt was made in France to copy Chinese porcelain : the first attempts made in Rouen were quite successful, (...) these faience objects from new factories are not ranked as French faience - this is the genuine porcelain invented by the French during the last few years and manufactured successively in Rouen, Passy near Paris, and then in Saint Cloud."''〔(Faïences et porcelaines du XVIème au XIXème siècle )〕 Colbert set up the Royal Factory of Saint-Cloud in 1664 in order to make copies (In the original ''"Contre-façons"'', i.e. "Fakes") of "Indian-style" porcelain.〔 Saint-Cloud became a very important manufactory for the new wares. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「French porcelain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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